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Catalytic Converter - CFD Simulation CFD Software Tutorial

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1. Introduction

In this tutorial, we will be demonstrating how to model a porous medium. We have simulated the flow through the catalytic converter using the Darcy-Forchheimer porosity model. The inlet velocity has been described by a formula that depends on the coordinates. Second-order velocity discretization (Linear Upwind) has been used to increase the accuracy of the simulation.

2. Download SimFlow

SimFlow is a general purpose CFD Software

To follow this tutorial, you will need SimFlow free version, you may download it via the following link:
Download SimFlow

3. Create Case

Open SimFlow and create a new case named catalytic converter

  1. Click New
  2. Provide name catalytic converter
  3. Click Create to open a new case
simflow-launcher

4. Import Geometry

Firstly we need to Download GeometryCatalytic-converter

  1. Click Import Geometry
  2. Select geometry file catalytic-converter.stl
  3. Click Open to import geometry
Catalytic converter 02 Import Geometry

5. Imported Geometry Units

Since the imported geometry is in STL format, which does not store unit information, we need to confirm the unit in which the model was created. In the selection of unit, we can use the Geometry size label, which displays overall size of the model in each direction. In our case, the model was created in millimeters.

  1. Select mm unit
  2. Press OK button
Catalytic converter 02 unit

6. Geometry - Catalytic Converter

After importing geometry, it will appear in the 3D window.

  1. Click Fit View to zoom in on the geometry
Catalytic converter 03 Geometry check

7. Split Geometry - Catalytic Converter (I)

The imported geometry is made up of a single surface. We need to split it into multiple faces for further processing.

  1. Expand the Options list for catalytic_converter
  2. Select Split
Catalytic converter 06 Geometry split

8. Split Geometry - Catalytic Converter (II)

In order to split original geometry into separate objects, we will disable Create Single Geometry options:

  1. Uncheck Create Single Geometry
  2. Click Split
Catalytic converter 07 Geometry split2

9. Rename Geometries

To make the resulting mesh boundaries more readable we will rename each geometry face:

  1. Select catalytic_converter_patch00 from the list. The selected face will be highlighted in the 3D graphic window
  2. Double click on the name and change it to match the picture below
    catalytic_converter_patch00 \(\rightarrow\) inlet
  3. Repeat these steps for the remaining geometry components
    catalytic_converter_patch01 \(\rightarrow\) outlet
    catalytic_converter_patch02 \(\rightarrow\) wall
Catalytic converter 08 Geometry name

10. Create Geometry - Cell Zone

In this tutorial, we would like to model a porous zone inside the catalytic converter. To do so we need to define the region where the porous resistance will be applied. For this purpose we will create new box geometry:

  1. Click on Create Box
  2. Set the origin and box dimensions accordingly
    Origin \({\sf [m]}\)-0.085-0.06-0.09
    Dimensions \({\sf [m]}\)0.1750.120.18
Catalytic converter 09 Geometry Cell Zone

11. Meshing Properties - Catalyctic Converter

In order to create the mesh, we need to specify geometries options used during the meshing process.

  1. Go to Hex Meshing panel
  2. Enable Mesh Geometry on the inlet outlet wall
  3. Enable Create Boundary Layer Mesh on wall geometry
  4. Click on the wall in the listto expand options
  5. Set No. Of Layers to 4
Catalytic converter 10 Meshing parameters 2

12. Base Mesh - Domain

Now we will define the base mesh. The box geometry determines the background mesh domain. The model is symmetrical on the XZ plane, so we do not need to mesh the whole geometry. Using the box dimensions we will choose only half of the domain.

  1. Go to Base tab
  2. Click on Autosize
  3. Change Max [m] Y to 0
  4. Define the number of divisions
    Division1551750
Catalytic converter 11 Mesh Base

13. Material Point

Material Point tells the meshing algorithm on which side of the geometry the mesh is to be retained. Since we are considering flow inside the catalytic converter we need to place the material point inside the geometry.

  1. Go to Point tab
  2. Specify location inside the catalytic converter geometry
    Material Point0-0.020

You can specify the point location from the 3D view. Hold the CTRL key and drag the arrows to the destination.

Catalytic converter 12 Material Point

14. Start Meshing

Everything is now set up for meshing

  1. Go to Mesh tab
  2. Start the meshing process with Mesh button
Catalytic converter 13 Meshing

15. Mesh

After the meshing process is finished the mesh will appear in the graphics window.

Catalytic converter 14 Mesh

16. Create Cell Zone (I)

Now we will define the cell zone using box_1 geometry.

  1. Expand the Options list next to default region
  2. Select Add Cell Zones
Catalytic converter 15 Cell Zone

17. Create Cell Zone (II)

  1. Check the box_1
  2. Click on Create Cell Zones
Catalytic converter 16 Cell Zone2

18. Display Cell Zone

The cell zone appears inside the catalytic converter. It is colored on light blue.

Catalytic converter 17 Mesh

19. Boundaries

  1. Change boundary name from boundaries \(\rightarrow\) symmetry
  2. Define boundary types accordingly
    inlet Patch
    outlet Patch
    symmetry Symmetry
    wall Wall
Catalytic converter 18 Boundaries

20. Select Solver - SIMPLE

We want to analyze internal, incompressible turbulent flow. For this purpose, we will use the SIMPLE (simpleFoam) solver.

  1. Go to SETUP panel
  2. Enable Steady State filter
  3. Filter the solvers by Incompressible flow
  4. Pick SIMPLE (simpleFoam) solver
  5. Select solver
Catalytic converter 19 Solver v2

21. Turbulence

For turbulence modeling, we will use the standard \(k-\varepsilon\) model.

  1. Go to Turbulence panel
  2. Select RANS for Turbulence Modeling
Catalytic converter 20 Turbulence

22. Transport Properties

We will change the kinematic viscosity to the value of the exhaust gas.

  1. Go to Transport Properties panel
  2. Set the kinematic viscosity
    \(\nu\) \({\sf [\frac{m^2}{s}]}\)1.272e-04
Catalytic converter 21 Transport properties

23. Cell Zones - Porosity

In order to include porosity to our simulation we have to define porosity for the box_1 cell zone.

  1. Go to Cell Cones panel
  2. Select the box_1 zone
  3. Check Porous Zone
  4. Use default Darcy-Forchheimer model and set its parameters accordingly
    d \({\sf [\frac{1}{m^2}]}\)3e-073e-103e-10
    f \({\sf [\frac{1}{m}]}\)202000020000
Catalytic converter 22 Cell Zone Porosity

24. Parameters - R, U

SimFlow allows users to create named parameters that can be used instead of numbers. This allows to easily change a single property without the need to edit all inputs where a given property is used. In this tutorial, we will define two global parameters that we will use during further setup.

  1. Go to Parameters panel
  2. Definethe new parameter
    Name R Formula 0.025
  3. Click Create Parameter
  4. Repeat these steps for the second parameter
    Name U Formula 20
    The newly created parameters will be shown in the parameters list.
Catalytic converter 23 Parameters

25. Boundary Conditions - Inlet (Flow)

We will set inlet velocity as a parabolic profile. The profile we will define by the formula using U and R parameters. Velocity magnitude near the wall will be equal to zero and the highest value of U will be in the center of the pipe.

  1. Go to Boundary Conditions panel
  2. Select the inlet boundary
  3. Set the Velocity Inlet character
  4. Change the velocity type and value accordingly
    U Type Fixed Value
    U Value \({\sf [\frac{m}{s}]}\)U*( (R-sqrt(y^2 +z^2 ))/R)^(1/7)00
Catalytic converter 24 BC Inlet

26. Save Case

To visualize and check velocity distribution we will open ParaView. Firstly we will save the case.

  1. Go to RUN panel
  2. Press Save Case button
Catalytic converter 25 Save step

27. Check Velocity Profile - ParaView (I)

Run the ParaView from the Postprocessing panel.

  1. Go to POSTPROCESSING panel
  2. Click on Run ParaView
Catalytic converter 26 Velocity check ParaView

28. Check Velocity Profile - ParaView (II)

We will display a velocity magnitude map on the inlet.

  1. Make sure that catalytic_converter is selected
  2. Press Apply
  3. Uncheck Skip Zero Time
  4. Press Refresh
  5. Press Apply
  6. Select velocity U from the list
Catalytic converter 27 Velocity check ParaView2 v2

29. Boundary Conditions - Inlet (Turbulence)

Back in SimFlow, we will also update the turbulent mixing length for the ε-equation at the inlet.

  1. Go to Boundary Conditions panel
  2. Select inlet boundary
  3. Switch to Turbulence tab
  4. Set the value of Mixing Length to 7% of inlet diameter
    \(\varepsilon\) Mixing Length \({\sf [m]}\)0.07*2*R
Catalytic converter 28 Inlet Turbulence

30. Initial Conditions - Potential

In order to give a better initial guess for velocity and pressure fields, we will use the "Potential" initialization feature. This utility solves pseudo potential flow prior to actual calculations.

  1. Go to Initial Conditions panel
  2. Switch to Potential tab
  3. Check the Initialize Potential Flow
  4. Set No. of correctors to 10
Catalytic converter 29 Initial Conditions

31. Monitors - Boundary

We would like to monitor how results change during computation. We will enable plotting the average pressure at the inlet during the calculation:

  1. Go to Monitors panel
  2. Switch to Boundary tab
  3. Expand Fields list next to inlet boundary
  4. Check the pressure p
Catalytic converter 30 Monitors Boundary

32. Monitors - Sampling

We will also display intermediate results on a section plane.

  1. Go to Sampling tab
  2. Add new Slice
  3. Set the normal vector
    Normal \({\sf [-]}\)010
  4. Expand Fields menu
  5. Choose the pressure p and the velocity U to be sampled on the section plane
Catalytic converter 31 Monitors Slice

33. Run - Time Control

  1. Go to RUN panel
  2. Set the maximal Numbers of Iterations to 300
Catalytic converter 32 Time Controls

34. Run - Output

In this tutorial, we run a steady-state simulation. We are only interested in the latest time step. However, it is advised to keep the previous time step result as a backup on the disk. We will make a backup every 50 iterations.

  1. Switch to Output tab
  2. Set the Interval [-] to 50
Catalytic converter 33 RUN

35. Run - CPU

To speed up the calculation process, take advantage of parallel computing and increase the number of CPUs based on your PC’s capability. The free version allows you to use only one processor (serial mode). To get the full version, you can use the contact form to Request 30-day Trial

Estimated computation time for serial mode: 8 minutes

  1. Switch to CPU tab
  2. Click Run Simulation button
run cpu serial

36. Control Inlet Pressure

Go to the p on inlet tab to observe convergence process.

  1. Switch to p on inlet tab
Catalytic converter 34 P on inlet

37. Discretization

After preliminary calculation, we will continue with a more accurate algorithm. Change velocity discretization to the Linear Upwind scheme to minimize numerical diffusion affecting results of the simulation.

  1. Go to Discretization panel
  2. Switch to Convection tab
  3. Click on Upwind to extend the list
  4. Select Linear Upwind
Catalytic converter 35 Discretization

38. Run - Continue Simulation

  1. Go to RUN panel
  2. Set the maximal Numbers of Iterations to 2000
  3. Click Continue Simulation button
Catalytic converter 36 RUN2

39. Control Inlet Pressure - New Scheme

Go back to the p on inlet tab and observe convergence process.

  1. Switch to p on inlet tab
  2. Control the convergence of the pressure on the inlet
Catalytic converter 37 P on inlet

40. Slice - View Velocity Field

Slices tab appears next to the Residuals tab. Under this tab, we can preview results on the defined section plane.

  1. Change tab to Slices
  2. Select the velocity U
  3. Click Adjust range to data
  4. Click Fit View
  5. Set the XZ orientation View XZ
Catalytic converter 38 Slice Velocity

41. Slice - Final Results

At the end, we will look at the pressure distribution. The Darcy porous model assumes resistance and hence pressure gradient to be proportional to the velocity in the porous zone. We can observe the effect of increased resistance from the porous zone. The pressure builds up in front of the porous zone and then linearly decreases along the flow direction due to resistance.

Catalytic converter 39 Results

42. Advanced Postprocessing with ParaView

This concludes the tutorial, covering all the aspects we intended to showcase. To create a finely tuned presentation of the results, you may take advantage of the seamless integration with ParaView. You can easily open simulation results in ParaView with a single click from SimFlow.

In ParaView, you can perform typical and advanced postprocessing tasks such as displaying streamlines, contour plots, vector fields, line or time plots, and calculating volume or surface integrals.

To familiarize yourself with the ParaView capabilities, it’s worth checking out our video tutorial, Paraview CFD Tutorial - Advanced Postprocessing in ParaView, in which we demonstrate some of the most commonly used post-processing techniques.

Paraview CFD Tutorial - Advanced Postprocessing in ParaView